 |
|
|
 |
|
|
 |
 |
|
 |
|
|
Management
"Management" (from Old French ménagement "the art of conducting, directing", from Latin manu agere "to lead by the hand") characterises the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible).
One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan, and as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Situational management may precede and subsume purposive management.
A governing body is a term used to describe a group formed to manage
an organization, such as a sports league.
20th century
The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. People
like Henri Fayol and Alexander Church described the various branches of
management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people
like Ordwat Tead, Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of
psychology to management, while other writers, such as Elton Mayo, Mary
Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, Max Weber, Rensis Likert, and Chris Argyris
approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective.
Peter Drucker wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: Concept of the Corporation (published in 1946). It resulted from Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors until 1956) commissioning a study of the organisation. Drucker went on to write 32 books, many in the same vein.
H. Dodge, Ronald Fisher, and Thorton C Fry introduced statistical techniques into management. In the 1940s, Patrick Blackett combined these statistical theories with microeconomic theory and gave birth to the science of operations research. Operations research, sometimes known as "management science", attempts to take a scientific approach to solving management problems, particularly in the areas of logistics and operations.
Some of the more recent developments include the theory of constraints, reengineering, and various information technology driven theories such as agile software development. The theory of constraints approach describes management decision-making as a continuous cycle of three basic questions —
-
What to change?
-
To what to change?
-
How to make the change happen?
As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the
20th century and gave perceived practitioners of management a certain
amount of prestige, so the way opened for popularised systems of management
ideas to peddle their wares.
In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific management theory.
Towards the end of the 20th century, management came to consist of a number of separate branches, including:
-
Human resource management
-
Operations or production management
-
Strategic management
-
Marketing management
-
Financial management
-
Information Technology management
21st century
In the 21st century we find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management
into categories in this way.
More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories.
Instead, we tend to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.
Areas of management
-
Change management
-
Communications management
-
Constraint management
-
Cost management
-
Crisis management
-
Customer relationship management
-
Earned value management
-
Enterprise management
-
Facility management
-
Integration management
-
Knowledge management
-
Marketing management
-
Micromanagement
-
Pain management
-
Perception management
-
Procurement management
-
Program management
-
Project management
-
Process management
-
Product management
-
Quality management
-
Resource management
-
Risk management
-
Skills management
-
Spend management
-
Supply chain management
-
Systems management
-
Talent management
-
Time management
-
Stress management
This article has been adapted from Wikipedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
